Photograph: Jirgah of Mahsuds with Kaniguram in the background, Waziristan, 1920 (c).

The Mahsuds were Pathan tribesmen who inhabited Waziristan. They were probably the most formidable fighters on the frontier. Highly mobile, able to live off the most meagre rations, and fine shots, they were perfectly adapted to their mountainous homeland. Wherever possible Political Officers and military commanders on the North West Frontier made use of the tribal jirga (council) to settle disputes or announce terms for the cessation of hostilities.

One of 262 photographs taken and collected by R B Holmes, North West Frontier, 1890 (c)-1944.